Military tank



\A April 2119 43?" 7 c. F. SHAFFER MILITARY TANK Filed Sept. 5, 1959 5 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTOR.

CLEe/E F JHAFFEI? April 27, 194-3. c. F. SHAFF-ER MILITARY TANK Filed Sept. 5, 1939 5 Sheets-Sheet INVENTOR. Clzvs F CSIHAFFEF? p 1943. c. F. SHAFFER MILITARY TANK 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Sept.

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MILITARY TANK Filed Se-pt. 5, 1939 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Patented Apr. 727, 1943 UNITED STATES PATENT orgies MILITARY TANK Cleve F. Shafler, San Francisco, Calif. Application September 5,1939, Serial No. 293,369

' 7 Claims. (01. 89-40) a This invention relates to military tanks especially adaptable for employment in conjunction with infantry operations. primary purpose of all military tanks is as mobile armored fighting units, but a tank especially adapted for use of accompanying and operating in close conjunction with infantry should have special characteristics which have heretofore not been available in the ordinary tank.

7 It is obvious that a vehicle such as a tank that can combine in its activities several other mili tary functions without in any way lessening its original effectiveness as a tank, offers superior and faster functioning to the commanders of any military force in meeting the defensive or offensive needs for specialized equipment under the changing conditions of battle, and also the elimination of large numbers of special purpose weapons and vehicles would relieve an army of much unnecessary detail, problems of supply, road congestion, 'etc., which hinders its effectiveness and speed, while relieving large numbers of men for other duties.

When the additional functions of a tank can comprise the transportation of troops, wounded,

or ammunition without the necessity of adding or removing such parts as might limit a tank's ordinary'effectiveness, or require much time to make such necessary alterations, it has exceptional value, and more especially if these incidental or alternative advantages or purposes are accomplished in an equal or better manner than by the ordinary methods.

Among the features which are desirable and advantageous in a modern military tank to accompany infantry operations, are greater comparative mobility for accompanying the infantry over all classes and conditions of terrain and topography, including ability to cross open holes, ditches and trenches of reasonable width; adaptability for mass or line production to provide an As is well known, the

economical cost which will not make production in great numbers prohibitive, comparative lightness in weight in order to assure the possibility of air transport and a decrease of ground pressure per square inch of traction surface for purposes of 'mobility in soft ground, and the novel advantage light weight presents in allowing the tank to behaulcd or pulled by relatively few men, or a military squad, oven-through or out of excess vely. bad conditions of terrain where the tank's own motive power or traction is insufficient to completely do so. or in case of entire failure of motive power due to enemy fire or' other causes.

It would be further advantageous if certain sections or assemblies of the tank were quickly detachable and thus manually transportable by from one to four men, thus still further lightenw ing the tank so that it could be lifted, hauled, lowered, for immediate reassembly, to inaccessible places orareas where it could function either as a mobile tank or in a conceal-ed'stationary position. Among other desirable factors are a high ratio of horsepower to weight for speed and for hill climbing,-the provision of more than one driving or propelling unit in case one is disabled or for assistance in steering, under bad conditions, and the economy of using only one drive for ordinary service and all drives only when most severe conditions are encountered, providing that the power train be not unduly complex.

Another desirable factor is the raising or lowering of the body-relative to the ground so as to avoid contact'between the bottom and obstacles or in crossing streams of Water when operating as a mobile unit and for lowering the body in close proximity to the ground when used either as a stationary or mobile fighting unit, so as to obscure its visibility and permit'utilization of the protection of relatively low embankments, trenches, shrubbery, boulders, etc.

It is further desirable that a military tank shall have a low center of gravity both longltudi nally and laterally and be capable of maintaining thesecenter's as nearly as possible; also that its gun platform be maintained on as near a horizontal plane as "possible; even though the tier-- rain be sloping either longitudinally orlaterally. To this end-the traction-units or wheels should be vertically adjustable independently of each other to accomplish this purpose, and should allowfull compression or suspension amplitude when such wheel or traction units are in anyposition relative to the body. The suspension of a tank is the means of support between tracks or roadwheels and body; it is the keystone of vehicular efficiency. As the value of any tank is" over rough terrain, the various types of suspension used have not provided a satisfactory gun platform or accuracy of fire, nor even a fair de: gree of driver and gunner comfort. This is partially due to their limited "compression or suspension amplitude or the limited amount of '55 spring contraction or'extension of their suspen sion and as a consequence, in 'crossing an obstacle which is higher than the limits of its amplitude, a sharp movement is transmitted to the gun platform. It is desirable, therefore that a larger suspension amplitude be provided for any tank as a means for absorbing horizontal impact shocks in line of travel, and it is advantageous to provide in the suspension mechanism means whereby both the horizontally and vertically acting forces will be absorbed by splitting therifmpactt'in :such manner as to lessen its effect upon the suspension mechanism, and consequently the effect of impact upon the gun platform, thus allowing more accuracy of fire and fasterspeed over irregular ground. It is desirable that the springs of its elastic suspension system after gently absorbing the rise of tracks or wheels in crossing an obstacle shall imme-: diately commence theirwork of raising the body at a steady, smooth and relatively slow rate soasfto maintain their ordinary, natural, relationfsj1i1 1o this way, the body will move forward points" and function as a complete tank minus protected nests" or "strong points with a reasonable supply of ammunitiomprotect the operating troops by shielding them with the tank body and fire-power while they are establishing themselves, and speedily return to base still as a complete fighting unit or tank which has simply been stripped of its special purpose weapons and armor, or which :may be completely stripped of, its armament and return simply as an armored motor vehicleto bring back additional ammunl- 1 tion .or reinforcements of men. -,Oi', if desirable, the tank could remain with its established strong the extra fighting and protective elements.

A'feature of outstanding value in any tank would be its ability to deliver high angle fire from any or all its guns, thus allowing it to function also as an anti-aircraft weapon. Since the ordior backward ,asnearlygas possible in a straight horizontal line, and bouncing or rocking be. reduced? It is also important in a tank that means for braking, snubbi'ng andslowing the action of thefsu'sp'ension mechanism be providedto accomplishjhis effect.

Tare, itjl obvious that a tank to be eifectlve must ellminatejnoise; I A tank, therefore, which has a theflsurprise attack is an element of warpractically noiseless suspension and no track to I creak'or rattle would'be ofvalue toan army.

'Kjt'ank whichis especially adapted for use inv conjunction; with infantry v maneuvers must be able to ,-follow infantry operations and therefore its are, particularly. its breadth, should be such that it maypassthroughvery narrowspaces such as paths through forests, narrow alleyways in .towns into. buildings, caves,'. etc, across narrowgtemporory bridges, etc. Its weight should befsucl'nthat in addition to the above advan-.

tages it will not overload every light ortempo.-

rary'bridge,.may cross streams on infantry pon toons,.or mem iloated across by 'lashing it to av log or. telegraph pole ongeither side, if its lower portion is water-tight andthus offers a certain amount of helpful buoyancy. lit-would. have further value if its guns were operableduringsuch transit, l It is further important that such a tank should be capable of carrying armament to insure its efiectiveness as an artillery unit of reasonably large. calibre, to repulse opposing tank attack or to pavethewa y for an Qinlantry advance, allw ll as armament for anti-aircraft; defense and on dinary 'machine gunfire: ls in: case the tank isdama'ged or capture is imminenhthltsuch weapons can be'ouickly detached aridv removed, It .is desirable that-the armor of the tank the effect of projectiles,- bombs, shells or grenades and that, where the design makes-it p05 sible, its walls be so disposed and angled that projectiles will glance off or ricochet; or if the armor of the walls-be penetrated,that the added thicknessof the angle parallel to the axis of the projectile will, stop it before it penetrates entirely through they armor.

nary anti-aircraft gun is large, static, unwieldy, expensive and requires separate motive power and favorable terrain for placement, it'cannot function as a proper accompanying weapon for protection of troops in rough. country or even on roads, since itumust be stationary and set.up" to fire effectivelyior atall. Neither the regular artillery nor tanks can deliver anti-aircraft fire fast enoughor eifectively on account of the limitations' or theirgun elevations; and in addition, they require separate motive power, are not ready to fire until set up" and have no armor protece tion whatever against aircraft. Thus a 'selt-mobile, armoreprotected, weapon-vehicle with high elevation of its guns, immediately ready to fire" an eflective cannon and machine gun discharge against aircraft, would be greatly desirable, whether such tank were accompanying the troops on theroad, orin rough country. The comparh tive cheapness or such small tanks with their effective antivaircraft fire would solve the latest militaryv problem of defense against mass air troop transport, and the parachuting of .troops and material where plane landings are impossible.

Therefore, such tanks would be desirable as a:

defense'for isolated or poorly protected railway Junctions, factories, bridges or-mountain-passes, since. they would provide a double-purpose de fense both on the ground and against air attack v and would eliminate large numbers of troops de-' 60 should be of sufficient thickness to stop, or lessci'l' Partof its armament, andif desirablea partof .70

- its'armor, should be likewise easily and quickly removable and replaceable so thatlit can-be. used independently .on the ground separately from the tank, so that the tanksmay move forward to an advance po'sition, establish the gun armament in I6 tailed for such defense and a proportion of the' cxpensive long-range anti-aircraft guns.

It would be valuable-if such military weapons as smoke or fog producers, flame throwers, and

e pecially trench mortars could ,be-attached to atank, and it would :be further desirable if the tank operators of such weapons hadbetter vi sl bility of the terrain and enemy to make such weapons more eflective. .A better all-around visibility of at least some of the crew is particularly valuable in offsetting such effective anti-tank methods as "gasolining" or "zrenading a tank in which the enemy must get very close to a tank:

It is also desirable that the bottom of a tank .be

appended, it being understood that various changes in the form, proportion, size and details of construction of the apparatus may be resorted to within. the scope of, the appended claimsiwith outdepartingirom the spirit or sacrificing any of the advantages of the invention. 1

'10 more clearly comprehend the invention, ref-' metal than the sideor rear walla it being suggested that 1% inch metal be used in the forward Fig. 7 is a longitudinal side view, the tankbody being in section, to show interior mechanism. Fig. 8 is an enlarged vertical longitudinally transverse section of suspension mechanism for vertically adiusting the tank body relative to the front wheels, on line VIII-V111 of Fig. 9.

Fig. 9 is a vertical laterally transverse section of suspension mechanism shown in Fig. 8, on line IX-IX of Fig. 8.

Fig. 10 is a horizontal section on line X-- X of Fig. 8;

Fig. 11 is a iragmentary enlarged plan view of tractor mechanism. I

Fig.- 1'.. is a fragmentary" section on line xII-'-XI1ofFi'g; 11. i i

Fig. 13 is a perspective of gun-mount plate.

Fig. 14 is a'perspectlve of modification of seat arrangement.

Fig- 15 is a perspective of pannierplates emtank ployed as a protective unit separate from bodt.

Fig. 16 is a side elevation of gun mount plate employed as a protective unit separate from the.

tank.

The body Referring to the drawings in which like characters of reference indicate corresponding parts in the several views, I 5 indicates generally a preferred form oi tank body of suitable armor a material, in which the front wall, is is inclined upwardly'and rearwardly from bottom to top at an angle to the verticaland has a portion cut out of its upper central area providing opposing" side edges Hand 8. front breast plate l8 which has slots IS on either side thereof for receiving grooved tracks of a gun mount to be further described. The side walls 20 of body iii are each 7 provided at the frontend with a. vertical recess II for receiving the vertical adjustment'suspen 3 sion mechanism shown inpFigs. 8 and 9. The.

side walls also have a horizontal recess 22 at their lower horizontal portion to allow space for operative mechanism hereafter described."

These ioregoingwalls, together with a rear wall 28, provide an operators compartment. To the rear of the operators compartment is a motor compartment generally indicated 24 which preferably is wider than the operators compartment.

but narrower than the extreme of width of the wheels of the tank. The additional width of the motor compartment provides a narrow horizontal elongated platform 25 on each'side of the motor compartment 24 and to the rear and side of the operator's compartment. This illustrated i and described preferred form of body lends itself to casting of the body in integral form to facilitate mass production. It is preferred that-the forward walls of the tank body be of thicker tively connected walls, and flinch metal in the floor, side and rear walls. It is to be understood thatboth the engine compartment and" the operators compartment are water-tight to'about the middle of their vertical dimension and have suitable steel bottom -to support the motor unit in the motor compartment and the necessary mechanism in the 'operatoris compartment, andthat suitable I drain plugs may be installed in the bottom ofthe tankf- 'I'he'walls oi the motor compartment 34 I maybe extended upwardly by separateside'wall plates 20and by a rear wall 23*, suitably rela- 20 1 Foldableste'ering post;

In the operator's compartment there is a drivers seat 28 and steering mechanism' com prising a steering wheel '21- which operates through beveled gears 28 "to rotate a vertical steering post. 29 and the sprocket 38. l Adjacent 5 its base. the shaft 29 has a pivot joint 3 i'b'y which the steering wheel and post may be tilted for-.-

ward so as to be out'of the-way of the operator when; more spaceis needed in the compartment for operation of a forwardly disposed armament. The steering post 29 is suitably supported ina .basesupport member 32. i

. h Run ningge rfl n: is preferred Drilling mechanism of rear wheel Normally the driving power. is: through rear wheel 35. a well-known disc 36*, hubJBF 'and usual truck type hydraulic brake connectedand operated by usual mech- The wheels themselvesare of anism (not shown). It ispreferred, however, that the tires have a. tough rubber-outer casing filledwith a resilient composition material so as to be puncture proof while still retaining a (167'.

gree of resiliency. The rear wheel is mounted fixedly on a stub axle 4|, the latter beingrotated by' shaft 42 through'a universal joint 43, the shaft 42' being driven by bevel gears 43 rotativelycactuated by shai't 44, said shaft having a universal- Joint 45 intermediate its ends. Thev haft 44 :15 rotatively driven .by any suitable type of motor unit) through transmission and clutch 48. i The transmission lever 68 extends into'convenient;

relationship to? the operator's seat zii'and is operated therefrom. The clutch 48 is any suitable type operated by usual foot.ped'al and rods (not shown), and suitable transmission .emergency brake 52 isoperated by'handlever 53 through the transmission brake rod 54." A proper housing'55 is; provided for the drive shaft 44, the hous- I i g bcing provided with a; pivotalljoint 56 to allow for vertical adjustment and suspension of the rear ,wheel, to be further described. In the eventofdisablemer'lt of the normal rear drive, the

motor assembly may be disconnected therefrom and transferred to a drive mechanism for the front wheels. ,For this purpose,intennediate the endsof drive shaft there is-a. dog clutch the jaws'of which are normally intenneshed, but

may be thrown'out of engagement by pivotally mounted bell crank 44* by lever. 44. The drive may then be transferred exclusively to the front wheels in themanner next described.

and braced as by angle braces.

that the vehicle have two wheels 33, 34 at its forwardend and asingle wheel 35 at its rearward end. Q I" type, each having tire f36, telly, and

Driving mechanism of front wheels At times, especially in soft ground or at any other time when traction is not good, or even if the driving mechanism to the rear wheel should become disabled, driving power may be imparted any suitable means such as bell-crank lever 63' which is pivotally mounted at I54, which is operated by a rod 62 extending into the driver's compartment. Whenthe jaws 60, BI of the dog clutch are engaged, they rotate a stub shaft 65 which rotatesa gear 66 mounted thereon. The gear 66 meshes with a gear 61 which is keyed to a shaft as joined in-bearing;6'9. ;.The shafts s and as each mount asprocket 10, II which, respectively, drive chains or belts I2, 13. At the opposite end of the respective chain drives I2, 13, each chain drives asprocket I4, .15,Ieach of which is keyed to a separatedrive shaft 16,11, and each of these respective drive shafts I6, 'II, furnish. motive power to one of the front wheels when either one or both of the front wheels are selectively connected in the drive train. It will be noted when the dog clutch 60, BI. is intermeshed, the rotation of front-wheel drive shafts I6, I1 and their attendant mechanisms is simultaneous up to the,

mechanism which is immediately adjacent to the front wheels, but driving power is notimparted thereby to the front wheels except through a clutchwhich will be further described. Since the mechanism for furnishing driving power to the front wheels either independently or simultaneously is descriptively the same with relation to each front wheel, a description of one of such mechanism is'sufflcient. As heretofore stated the sprocket "I5 is rotated by the chain "I3 and The shaft I1 is rotatively drives a shaft I1. divided into forward and rearward parts 1'! and II which are joined together with a longitudie nally slidable key spline I8. Each of the parts I1 and 11* are provided with suitable bearings BI, 82, and each part has a universaljoint I9, 89. At the front-wheel end the forward drive shaft 11 is provided with a beveled pinion 83 which meshes with a beveled gear 84, th latter having a collar 85 provided with slotted splines 86 into'which slidably engage the teeth 81 of a drum 88 which has an annular groove 89 therearound and in which is slidably mounted a ring 90. This ring 90 is adapted, by means of a pin 9|, to be engaged. by the yoke of a bell-crank type of lever 92 ,"the other end of which 93 is connected to a Bowden wire control 94, fiexibly connected so as toallow the wheel to move up and down, the wire extending into the o-perators compartment and being operatively connected to a ratchet lever'and rack assembly 94 through which the operator may manipulate the lever 92 to reciprocate the spline teeth 81 in the spline grooves 86; The outer face of the drum is provided with one jaw 88 'of a dog clutch which is adopted to intermesh with the teeth of another jaw 88*, the latter being the inner portion of the I hub of the wheel. By this means of operation, it will be noted that when the lever 92 is operated through the Bowden wire contrgl 94 so that operated by either of the the jaws 88, 88 of the dog clutch are engaged, the wheel has driving power transmitted to it, and that no driving power is transmitted to that wheel when the jaws 88, 88 are disengaged. In other words, when the jaw clutches SI, 62 and 08, 88' are disengaged the entire power or transmission train between them is idle and consuming no power or fuel, nor wearing, thus providing a great economy and insurance from breakdown. Normally the clutch of the front wheels will be maintained out of engagement by the spring 95. It will be noted (see Fig. 9) that front wheels 33, 34 rotate freely and independently on spindle or stub axles 96 and antifrictionbearings 96, when not connected to the driving mechanism. The driving mechanism adjacent the front wheels is enclosed in a protective housing 91 and the entire front wheel assembly is mounted by bolts 98 upon a wheel supporting bracket 99 which is vertically adjustable by mechanism hereafter described. It is understood that the openings from the motor compartment for and around the three driving shafts are fitted with ordinary type 01' water-tight sealing means.

Steering mechanism As heretofore stated, the operators compartment is provided with steering wheel 21 and its above-mentioned attendant mechanism, including at its lower end a sprocket gear 30. Around sprocket gear 30 is a chain IOI which passes under the seat 26 and the chain guard iii for driving a similar sprocket 3 0 mounted on an auxiliary steering shaft 30 which is vertically supported by brackets 30 to the rear of wall 23, said shaft extending upwardly to the top of the tank body and being manually operable from said top, as

I main steering gear and auxiliary steering gear meet the desirable purpose that the operatordriver may be relieved of steering duties when firing cannon with the tank in motion, or in case of an incapacitating injury to the operator-driver, and it becomes essential that the tank be immediately guidedto a safe place, in which case the auxiliary or emergency means of steering may be persons who are sitting in the pannier seats. Such auxiliary steering may be by any suitable means for rotating'shaft 30 such as a lever of socket type 30 to engage the square head of shaft 30' or by a separate steering wheel having similar socket. Such a lever or steering wheel may be permanently carried on shaft 30 .-or carried separately by the tank at any readily accessible place. I04 passes around the sprocket gear I05 which rotates a worm shaft I 06 for the purpose of rotating a worm gear I01 keyed on shaft I08 and thereby, through lever' I09 and radius'rod IIO, actuates the steering arm III which is fixedly connected to a housing II2 having a bearing H2 within which the axle 4| of the rear wheel rotates. The housing I I2 has a ball joint engagement with a housing II 3 arranged so thatth e wheel may pivot on the kingpin 43 The housing I I3 also serves as a casing for the driving mechanism ad-- jacent the rear wheel.

In case the steering mechanism to the rear- The chain I 121 .such emergency conditions, or underany other conditions which make it desirable, may steer the'tank by alternately operating the front wheel drives by the manipulation of clutch 81 or in conjunction-with the rear drive can put power on one front wheel to Rear wheel suspension and aertical adjustment At therein, the body of the tank has spring suspension relative to the rear wheel by means of a resilient frame mounted on rear wall 23 and indicated generally I20, comprisingconverging arms I 2| which extend horizontally to the rear of the tank body, from pivoted connectionsthereof I22. At their opposite ends, the arms I2 I jointly carry abearing I23 which supports a shaft I24 rotatablymounted therein. The-shaft I24 pivot ally supports a hanger rod. I25 which, at its oppo;

site end has a bolted pivotal connection I26 with" the housing H3. The rear body suspension I2! is provided with resiliency by means of spring members I21 which are connected atone end to a cross bar I28 athwart the outer portion ofthe converging arms I2I, and having their opposite ends connected as at 129 to a cross bar I38, the latter being vertically reciprocablev in tracks I3I by suitable means such as cylinder I32 and piston I32 which may be either hydraulic or pneumatic and which may be controlled from the operator's make a turn of smaller tioned with its longitudinal axis angularly disposed to the perpendicular and being tilted rearwardly from bottom to top, thus absorbing thrust both vertically and horizontally for better stabilization of the tank body when moving over uneven ground; It will be understood that the front wheel suspension mechanism is similar in respect of each of the front wheels. The casing may bein two parts as shown, or onepiece and is bolted to the body I8 through holes I52. The

outer face of the casing which is adjacent and parallel to the vertical plane of the wheel comprises an expandible and contractible bellows I53. This bellows is divided into two sections, one above and one below the hanger bracket 99,- the adjacent ends of the bellowsbeing connected to the hanger bracket'and the extreme oppositie ends being connected to the opposite ends of thecasing I5I, therebyproviding for a flexible and extendible outer side-wall to sai'd casing with the hangerbracket 99 intermediate its ends;

- thereby closing that faceof the casingagainst compartment through a conduit I33 leading to a suitable pump I tend distributor chamber I 34 and controlled by valve I35. It will be observed that at all times the frame assembly I20 is provided with resilient suspension due to springs I 21 and that upon operation of the piston I82 in a downwardly direction, the cross bar I3I1likewise moves downwardly and lowers the frame a I20 by movingthe arms I2I downwardly. This likewise adjusts the hanger rod I25 downwardly.

It will be notedthat the. pivot 56 in the housing for drive shaft permits the drive and steering mechanism to likewise move downwardly. As a matter of fact, this mechanism of the rear wheel does not move downwardly except with relation to the previous horizontal level of the tank body. The practical effector the so-called raising and lowering of the rearwheel is to raise and lower the rear end of thetank body relative to the ground. These various positions and adjustments of the rear wheel mechanism are bestshown in Fig. 7. It will be noted that thissuspension offers large movements upwardly and downwardly of the wheel'relative to the body to absorb shocks when in motion and when the wheel is in the :1 5

lowest position relative tothe body, ajvery large amplitude of the springs will be noted. The cross bar I28 is mounted at both endsin rubber blocks for additional shock absorption, and can be moved horizontally in slots I28 tofadiust spring tension. Any suitable type of anubbers or rebound mechanisms of ordinary automobile or truck type can be employed to absorbrebound and stabilize the body.

Front wheel suspension and vertical adjustment mechanism As previously stated, the front wheel and the driving a mechanism therefor is mounted on a. hanger bracket 99. This hanger bracket 88 is secured, as by bolts I50, to a vertically movable wheel suspension mechanism for the front wheels. This front wheel suspension mechanism is mounted in the casing IBI whichfits into the resioned, the cam I68 thereby providing an addl-- tional means or holding a selected position or braking means for the block I56 under driving entry of dirt, dust, etc. 'A verticallymovable wheel suspension mechanism, generally indicated I54; is slidably'positioned within the casing.

This slidable suspension mechanism'is divided into-an upper portion termed a carrier-Sand a substantially stationary, though adjustable,

lower member termed' a block I581 The carrier I55 rides on tracks I S'Iwhich are longitudinally disposed along the inner side of the front and rear walls of the casing I5! having anti-friction rollers I58 for that purpose. The lower member or block I58 is connected'flxedly as at I59'to the free end of an elongated hollow piston I60 operated by hydraulicaction which slidably operates in a cylinder I 6I, the-cylinder and piston being longitudinal of the casing and passing through circular openings in "carrier Iii-and I block I58 and being stabilized and guided at the lower portion by aninner guide tube or rod I62 upward thrust of the wheels relative tov the tank 7 body is resiliently absorbed in resilient members which may be any suitable spring means, and as here exemplified comprise heavy'rubber loop members I65. These resilient members I 65 are mounted at their opposite ends around bolt members I66, I 61 in the respective carrier and block. i

Inthe carrier I55 bolts I66 may extend through the body thereof whereas in the block I56 the bolts I61 are'mounted in one end portion of a cam I88 which in turn is pivotally mounted. as at I69 to the block so that the cam faces are increasingly pressed against track I51 as the I,

rubber loop springs I65 are increasingly tenshock. These cams do not, howe ver, prevent'the upward and downwardadjustment of the block I58 in the course of its adjustment bythe piston I60. Theupward movement of the carrier mom-- -76V-ber I55- is also provided with a snubbing or cess 2i of the tank body I5, thereby being posi-' braking means consisting of the cams I10 which are pivotallymounted on the carrier by pins I1I. On upward movement the faces of these cams are pressed against the tracks I51 by the tautening. of the looped rubber spring members, which press increasingly, when increasingly tensioned against a shoulder I10"- on the cam. 0n therebound downward movement of the carrier these cams because of their shape have an additional wedge action against the tracks to slow the recoil of the carrier. It will be noted that the block and carrier are in spaced relation, ordinarily separated by the weight of thetank on the rubber loops or springs I65 and the bumper spring 40, but are flexibly connected by the re-' silient springs I65. Therefore, the carrier and block are movable in unison for adjustment by movement of the piston I60. The piston I60 is actuated in any suitable manner, such as hydraulic pressure, through conduit I which communicates with the upper end of cylinder' IN,

and extends to the pressure source I34 where it is regulated by the tank operator through valve I16. It will thus-be obvious that since each front wheel is mounted on a hangerbracket 98 which in turn is secured to the carrier member, the operating shocks and vibration of the wheel and rebound, respectively, will be absorbed in the rubber springs I65, rebound spring", and cam snubbers -I10. ating shock, the resilient oval bumper I55 will contact the top horizontal wall of recess 2|.

,It will be-notedialso that each of-the entire front :wheel mechanisms, including its driving means, may be independently or simultaneously raised or lowered relative to the tank body. This makes it. possible to operate the vehicle over sharply slopingorinclined ground and yetmaintain the plane of the tank body substantially horizontal as indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 3, in which one front wheel andyrear wheel are shown by dotted lines in partially. elevated posi-.

tions, and the sloping ground level is indicated A.

The effect of various adjustments of the wheels to providev different ground clearances for the tankbody are shown by the ground lines C in Fig. 7. I

Trench crossing unit As a further and an additional means to provide mobility over the most severe conditions of terrain, an optional and detachable mechanism is provided for crossing holes, trenches, and the like, where the traction wheel is too small in diameter to span the hole. One of such units is on each side of the tank body. Adjacent the base of the body I5, preferably at the rearward portion thereof, and intermediate the rear and front wheels there is provided a trench crossing unit, indicated generally I85. It comprises endless belt I86 of any suitable type such as metallic sections or plates, a continuous belt of composition material, canvas, metallic webbing, etc., of which' there are many well-knowntypes. The belt is mounted to move automatically by friction when contacting the ground or obstructions,

no power being necessary. The'belt is mounted In the event of excessive oper-- rubber spring or buffer 90 is carried, the other end of the rod extending through a similar downward extension of a similar arm. At the other end of this-arm, however, a slotted opening I88 engages an axle I88 which supports the two split half sections of the flanged central roller I88. A corresponding arm from the other end roller also engagesand supports the axle of the split central roller in the same manner. The action of this mechanism is thus: when any part of the belt presses against the ground or strikes an obstacle, it raises one or more of its rollers, which in turn moves the supporting arm or arms with the result that the rubber spring is compressed between the two downward extensions of the arms and thus absorbs the shock of contact. The purpose of this unit is to support the central portion of the tank body in crossing cavities in the ground, such as a trench indicated by dotted lines B--B in Fig. 7. When the front wheels are unsupported over the void of a hole or trench, the tank body is supported on one bank by the crossing unit I85 and rear wheel which furnishes driving power. When the front wheels have reached the other side of the trench and again have traction on the ground, the tank is supported on the endless belt element and the front wheels while the rear wheel overhangs the void of the trench, in which case driving power may be applied to the front wheels to pull the tank forward completely across the depression or trench.

These trench crossing elements, which are positioned similarly on each'side of the body, are,

even though the ground pressure per square inch of this tank is exceptionally low, also of decided value in very soft ground. The belt serves as an additional means of crossing bad terrain and prevents the tank from sinking into the soft ground. It can be completely and quickly detached by removing the nuts on studs I9I and the tank still retains its superior mobility.

Top arrangement Provision is made for protective armor plate comprised of sections on top of the tank. Firstly, there are strips of armor plate 200 longitudinally of each side portion of the top of the tank body.

- At the inner opposing edges of side strip portions 200 there are tracks 20I. On these tracks 20I there is slidably mounted a top plate 202 on which is mounted to slide therewith a pyramidal frustum turret 203 which may assume any suitable shape and may have the usual ventilation flaps and eye slits. As here illustrated, it comprises an octagonal tapered side Wall provided with sight openings 204. Normally, .plate 202 and turret 203 are forwardly of the tankbody and provide for additional head-room for the operator, especially when he is operating the main gun battery in a directly forward position. If desired, plate 202 can be fastened or locked by suitable means to body I5 either forwardly or rearwardly. The rearward compartment of the tank body is closed at .its top by a door or cover 205 which is hingedly mounted as at 206 on rear wall 23, and just below the plane of the tracks 20I, so as not to interfere with the rearward sliding of the top plate 202 on the tracks 20I. The free end of the door or cover 205 rests on a stop 201 and has a cutout 205 through which the auxiliary steering post may extend, the top 7 plate 202 being provided with a hole 201 which,

when the plate 202 is slid rearwardly, overlies said cut-out 205 for access to the auxiliary steer- 2,si'r,412

ing post; By sliding turret 203 and plate 202 rearwardly over tracks I the tank operator is provided an opening for ingress and exit. An additional emergency means of exit is provided in case of damage to tracks by the hinging of the turret 203 on plate 202 as at 203.

The main gun mount As previously stated the forward wall I6 of the- 2III, said armor plate being divided into two sec-' 1 tions, 2H! and 2IIl hingedly connected by hinge 2; The upper part or section 2H1 has an opening 2I2 therethrough in which is mounted a main gun support 2I3-which is of universal joint or trunnion structurefand contains a battery of guns which may include any suitable and desired type of one or more calibres. emplified herein these guns consist of one rather large calibre gun or cannon and recoil chamber 2I4 and a smaller calibre gun 2I-5, which preferably may be a machine gun. The invention is not limited to particular types or character of the guns since that is a matter for determination. by military experts dependent on the character of use to which the tank is to be put, since varying uses dictate different types of guns; it

being one of the advantages, however, of this tank that by mere change ofpositlon of support 2I3, the fighting character of the tank may be instantly changed. As for instance, with guns 2I4, and 2I5 in'relatively horizontal position, thetank' is suitable for general tank and anti-tank firing, while if gun mount 2I3 is raised, the guns are immediately suitable for delivery of antiaircraft fire. Under normal running or operating conditions, the armor plate 2) overlies the forward wall I6 of the body and provides additional when guns are needed for anti-aircraft fire, the

armor plate 2IIl is adaptable for sliding upward in its tracks and may be swung centrally on its hingeZI I so that the lower portion 2IIl serves as a holder or support in the guides and fills and protects the open upper portion H of the front wall, while the section 2H3 hinges backwardly and is supported by the tracks 20I in the topplates 200 which take the recoil of the gun, the' plate 202 and periscopic turret 203 having been moved rearwardly on the tracks 2IlI. When the armor plate 2IIl is thus elevated, the breast plate I8 effectively protects the operator and the internal mechanism of the tank. In this elevated position, the gun battery may be operated in a vertically directed rangeof fire. The operator first having tilted the steering post 29 to its forwardly position, slides his resilient rubber seat pad downward and forward and assumes a suit able semi-reclining operative position with knees drawn up. Since the main gun support 2I3, guns 2 and 2I5, and the plate 2I0 would undoubtedly be of considerable weight, means are provided for mechanically raising and lowering the plate 2") and the support 2I3. This means com- As exprises a compression cylinder 220 having a piston 22! therein to which is Connected. throughv the head of the cylinder,v a piston rod 222, the piston rod being pivotally connected at 223 to the main gunmount or support 2I3. The piston 22I is'moved upwardly and downwardly in the cylinder 220 by pneumatic or hydraulic force through an opening224 to which is connected conduit 225 which in turn communicates with the power source I34 and is controlled by the operatorat valve 226. Since there will be a forward and rearward movement, as welltas a vertical movement of the support 2I3, in raising and lowering it to its several positions, the cylinder 220 is pivotally mounted at itsbaseas at 221. In order to prevent holder plate 2III from being pushed entirely out of its anchoring rail 2! by error or otherwise in the operation of cylinder 220, suitable stops'ZIIl on plate 2IIJ and lII'I on the front of the body, will come into contact before the-limit of lift is reached. These stops can be disengaged when it is desired to remove a ssem-v I bly 2H] and 2I3 from'the tank as the latter advantage would be of great value in case thetank was damaged, and it was desirable to remove the guns to escape capture or to use separately fromv the tank as an armored strong point. As shown in Fig. 16, the plate 2I0 and gun support may be set 'up as an independent fighting unit by means of a supporting strut 2H1 which may be carried by'the tank.

v The side pcnniers On each side of the tank body adjacent the rear end, that is, rearwardly of the front wheels,

there is provided a removable combination unit which, for lack of better description, may be called panniers for the transportation of men,

supplies, and ammunition'in partially armor- .protected safety and other followingly described purposes, generally indicated 250. These panniers each comprise a substantially rectangular supporting base frame 25I, which frame structure may be angle iron. The base frame is supported at its inner longitudinal edge on the plat form 25 to which it is hingedly connected as by hinges 252, the pintle of the hing being spaced from the tank body for purposes to be described. The base'frame is supported at its outer longitudinal edge by a truss or brace 253 which has hinged connection to the outer side thereof as at 254,the brace having at its opposite end a bent portion 255 which fits over a stud-256 extending outwardly from the tank body, and to'which it may be tightened by the usualnut for a releas ably fixed fastening. At the outer edge of the frame'25I there is hingedly connected as at 25'! a vertically upright armor plate side wall 258 which,

at its upper edge, has an upward vertical extension plate 259 hingedly connected thereto by pintle hinges 260, and having upper edge lugs 26I. Section' ,258 of the side wall also is provided with front edge lugs 262. At the rear, the side wall 258 is braced by truss arms 249 which have pivotal connection to the body on the rear side of extended ear 261 and are bolted at the opposite end to'both sections 258, 259 of the side wall to furnish rigidity, stability, and strength to'the side wall as well as a back for the seat.

Aninclined front armor plate 263 is provided for each pannier consisting of an upper section 263 and a-lower section 263 relatively hinged as at 263 at approximately the level of the base frame 25I, the lower section 263 being lockable in position to prevent swinging, and preferably b ing than, the upper section. The

lower section 283" has adjacent its lower edge elongatedholesor stirrups 2 as a foot rest for the person riding'on seat 26! in the pannier. The section 263' of the front plate has suiiicient width to overlie the outer front edge of side plate 2" and -is 'provi ded with slotted holes 265 adjacent the outer vertical edge to receive the lug 28! of.

the upperfan'dlqwer side plates 2", 2", in order to provide interlocked, and' secured Joining angle." #tfit's opposite or'inner vertical edge, the

front plate has suitable flanges or lugs to secure it to theftank body by bolts "6. From the above description' itwillbe observed that the angle iron framejl} I may be hingedly swung upwardly in spacedparallelism to the tank side, forwardly orphe; sr .zs1 (see Fig. 4) and that the spacing from the tankbody of the pintle of hinges! a-l lows' af space between the up folded base frame tankb'ody." This will also raise the support:

mg brace 253 which w l nest within the angle iron of theullswung base'frame Ill. The .side

section 2S.t' may then be reverted downwardly on hingeslil and the upper side section I" may be then reverted upwardly'on 'hinges'iilas in Fig. .4. The rear brace or truss 24! may be swung downwardlyto'therear of ear 261,. In the space laid by the seat 288 the latter preferably being in tWdrelatively overlying parts hinged rearwardlylat 2". ,The upp r edge of the forward {I wall'tej maybe used a agun mount for amawardly inclined position on the bolt and flange and besides can escape from such dangers-as "gasolining" and g'renading. eta, which are mainly caused by lack of visibility.

Referring to Fig. 2, the side pannier may also be made into an improvised ambulance, not perfect for the purposebut suitable and very valuable under emergency conditions. This is accomplished by raising the lower section "I" of the front wall into a horizontal planesubstantially levelwith seat 268 and unfolding the seat I to anextended-position as shown in dotted lines in Fig. 2, and also tilting the upper portion 263' of the frontwall of the pannier to a for- 266 and rebolting the plate I in a forwardly inclined position on a stud 268'. In this position,

the upper side plate 2" may be detached by pulling' the pintles of hinges 2" and inserting the top edge lugs 2 into the slots 28! of the ad- Justedinclined front plate, so as to provide side protection to the inclined adjusted portion of the front plate 261" By using a simple, light compact seat, seat back, and spring, an additional man can'be can ried on each side of the'rear of thetank, immedi-- ately in the rear of each pannier. One end of a flat length of spring steel 2!! is inserted into 1 the rectangular-slots cut into the front'and rear angle members of the frame "I and is locked by the two quickly detachable pinslll The other end of the spring supports a seat I!" ofmotorcycle type which carries a hinged back rest Ill.

The man riding in this seat is partially protectedchine gun m which may be releasably mounted thereon in any suitable manner as by a swivel} l. and a clamp 212. Thus, each pannier may be an 'armor-protected fighting unit of the tank itself.

It will. be further observed that they lower front wall section 283v may be folded'rearwardly and upwardly as shown by dotted lines in Fig. 2 and suitably locked in position so that ltis in.v substantially the sam plane as the bottom edgeof sidewall 258 and framei't I, thus providing arelatively large armor-enclosed and protected space suitable for transporting ammunition or supplies,

in comparative security through heavy enemy iire. By pulling the pintles ofhinges'fl'l, bolts 249 and bolts 26!, the front wall andfthe side wall of the pannier may be, removed from the tank and set up on theground as a protected machine gun nest while the tank itself may return to base headquarters for additional men, or supplies, or the tank, still a complete fighting and armored unit, may move to an adjacent favorable fighting position or anywhere desirable (see Fig. ,15), .It will also be observed (see left hand portion. of

Fig.. 3), that these panniers may be employed for carrying boxes of ammunition or supplies. Maniby the tank and pannier armor. A man so transported may find a hand-hold on arm 249 if the tank is speeding or traversing rough ground, and he may rest his feet on trench crosser I"... By,

' simply withdrawing spring ill; reversing its angularity and returning and. re-locking it to the slots, with the seat back folded parallel to the seat, it. willv be conveniently carried, out of the i way, and within the limits of the side walls of the tank whenthe pannier is in its folded or up position. I

It is to be understood that a suitable fuel supply is carried by the vehicle in a properly located tank 210 which is herein conventionally shown at one end of the motor unit Land that suitable motor, transmission controls, etc., and necessary air, exhaust or water pipes and ducts be provided for proper operation.

It is also to be understood that a suitable supply of. ammunition would be carried by the tank in wall racks where convenient and also, as is here illustrated, by providing for a door 21! in the compartment wall 23, said doorleading into the storage compartment 212 which has a floor 213 hingedly connected to wall 23 as at 2'. The

-, floor 213 of the storage compartment rests on a festly, they-could also be employed for transporter tion of men. A compensating benefit; for the lack of total armor protection to-the pannier per- I sonnel (who are protected by armor on front and both sides), isthat they have a far superior, alldirection visibility, not possessed by any of the personnel of an ordinarytank; they thus can imrove the operationand emciency of their tank,

stop block 2", and is preferably filled with a heat resisting material so as to insulate the compartment from the heat of the motor unit.

At the front end of the tank body an eyelet I'll may be provided so that the tank may be hauled of pulled out of mire, etc., by man-power or other suitable means. This also permits towing trailers, trucks, and the like by means of the eyelet 216 by reversing the normal direction of driving and. thereby making the normal rear drive wheel into the front wheel. r

I claim: 1. In a mobile military tank-,an amored body having an operator's compartment'provided with v a forward wall inclined rearwardly from bottom. to top, said forward wall having an opening to.

receive a gun mount, said body having an-inset at a forward portion of each of its side walls, said insets being of lesser length than the height of said side walls and terminating short of the top thereof providing an elongated inset having an upper shoulder whereby said body may be supported upon detachable wheel suspension means mounted in said insets.

2. In a military tank, an amored body having the elements of claim 1 and in which the side insets are inclined rearwardly from bottom to top.

3. In a military tank, an armored body-having the elements of claim 1 and in which the rear portion of the body has an extended width at the lower portion of each of its opposite longitudinal sides adapted for providing seats which may be enclosed by armored panniers.

4. In a mobile military tank, an amored body having at its forward portion an operators compartment of one width and having its rearward portion extended laterally transversely on each side of the body to va greater width than the operators compartment, said extended portions comprising panniers having a bottom, armored front and exterior side walls, said front wall having hinged mounting relative to said bottom wall whereby said front wall may be tilted forwardly. the side wall of the operators compartment being adapted for supporting the pannier front wall at its forwardly tilted position.

5. In a military tank, a body having the elements of claim 4, and in which the front wall of the pannier extends below the bottom wall of the pannier and is provided with stirrup openings, said bottom wall having an opening therethrough adjacent said front wall, whereby a person riding in the pannier and seated on the bottom thereof, may place his legs through the opening with his feet supported in said stirrups of the front plate.

6. In a, mobile military tank, an armored body having at its forward portion an operators compartment of one width, and having its rearward portion extending laterally transversely on each side of the body to a greater width than the operator's compartment, said extended portions comprising removable panniers having a hingedly mountedbottom and removable armored front and exterior side walls, said front wall of ,the pannier extending below the bottom wall of the pannier and'being provided adjacent its lower end with stirrup openings, the forward wall being spaced from the forward portion of the bottom wall providing an opening rearwardly of the front wall, whereby a person riding inv the pannier and seated on the bottom wall thereof may place his legs through the opening and support his feet in the said stirrups. v

7. In a mobile military tank, an armored body having at its forward portion an operator's compartment oi. one width and having its rearward portion extended laterally transversely on each side of the body to a, greater width than the operators compartment, said extended portions comprising panniers having a. bottom, armored front and exterior side walls, said front wall having hinged mounting relative to said bottom wall whereby said front wall may be tilted forwardly, and means to support the front wall in a forwardly tilted position.

CLEVE F. SHAFF'ER. 

